Which of the following best describes signs of overuse of broad-spectrum insecticides on beneficial organisms?

• A. Improved plant health and reduced pest numbers.
• B. Decline in natural predators, pest resurgence due to resistance, and collateral damage to pollinators or non-target species.
• C. No change in pest pressure but increased flowering.
• D. Only above-ground symptoms with no effect on beneficials.

Answer: (B)

Overuse of broad-spectrum insecticides disrupts natural pest control by wiping out a wide range of insects, including beneficial predators and parasitoids that keep pest populations in check. When these natural enemies are reduced, pest numbers can surge again, a phenomenon known as pest resurgence. Repeated exposure also selects for resistant pest individuals, making control more difficult and often leading to even more chemical use. At the same time, non-target species such as pollinators can be harmed, reducing pollination and ecosystem function. So, noticeable signs include a decline in natural predators, pest resurgence due to resistance, and collateral damage to pollinators or non-target species. The other outcomes described don’t capture this combination of disrupted biological control, resistance-driven pest rebounds, and harm to non-target organisms.